These, then, are the educational principles which must be put into effect. Nevertheless, in his striving to master and transform the world around him he is in danger of forgetting and of destroying himself. 242. First, We must reaffirm most strongly that this Catholic social doctrine is an integral part of the Christian conception of life. Hence it is not the decisions made within the individual productive units which have the greatest bearing on the economy, but those made by public authorities and by institutions which tackle the various economic problems on a national or international basis. They encourage whatever is conducive to honesty and virtue, and strive to eliminate every obstacle to the attainment of this aim. In the majority of cases a man's work is his sole means of livelihood. Experience has shown that where personal initiative is lacking, political tyranny ensues and, in addition, economic stagnation in the production of a wide range of consumer goods and of services of the material and spiritual orderâthose, namely, which are in a great measure dependent upon the exercise and stimulus of individual creative talent. And St. Paul insisted: "Whether you eat or drink, or whatsoever else you do, do all to the glory of God." To safeguard man's dignity as a creature of God endowed with a soul in the image and likeness of God, the Church has always demanded a diligent observance of the third Commandment: "Remember that thou keep holy the sabbath day." 101. But the moral order has no existence except in God; cut off from God it must necessarily disintegrate. But these problems can become difficult of solution, or even insoluble, if man, led astray in mind and perverted in will, turns to such means as are opposed to right reason, and seeks ends that are contrary to his social nature and the intentions of Providence. (13). They may even go so far as to bring discredit on the Church's teaching, lending substance to the opinion that, in spite of its intrinsic value, it is in fact powerless to direct men's lives. Moreover, it would be quite useless to insist on free and personal initiative in the economic field, while at the same time withdrawing man's right to dispose freely of the means indispensable to the achievement of such initiative. 96. In those country areas where they are lacking, economic and social progress is either prevented or greatly impeded, with the result that nothing can be done to retard the drift of population away from the land, and it even becomes difficult to make a good appraisal of the numbers involved. The most fundamental modern error is that of imagining that man's natural sense of religion is nothing more than the outcome of feeling or fantasy, to be eradicated from his soul as an anachronism and an obstacle to human progress. Why is this? One advantage which would result from the adoption of this plan would be that it would be easier to keep track of the movement of the working force set free by the progressive modernization of agriculture. Rerum Novarum is extolled: "Here for the first time was a complete synthesis of social principles, formulated with such historical insight as to be of permanent value to Christendom ... rightly regarded as a compendium of Catholic social and economic teaching",[4] "the Magna Charta of social and economic reconstruction"[5] whose influence was not only apparent in later Church documents, but "discernible too in the subsequent legislation of a number of States". So long as social relationships do in fact adhere to these principles within the framework of the moral order, their extension does not necessarily mean that individual citizens will be gravely discriminated against or excessively burdened. Truth is sprung out of the earth: and justice hath looked down from heaven. 3 /5. They must instill in them an unshakable confidence in Divine Providence and a determination to accept the inescapable sacrifices and hardships involved in so noble and important a task as the co-operation with God in the transmitting of human life and the bringing up of children. The reason is that Socialism is founded on a doctrine of human society which is bounded by time and takes no account of any objective other than that of material well-being. We have only been able to touch lightly upon this matter, but Our sons, the laity especially, must not suppose that they would be acting prudently to lessen their personal Christian commitment in this passing world. Everything must be done to ensure that citizens of the less developed areas are treated as responsible human beings, and are allowed to play the major role in achieving their own economic, social and cultural advancement. 184. 30. They may have a large and industrious population, an advanced economic structure, great natural resources and extensive territories. This teaching rests on one basic principle: individual human beings are the foundation, the cause and the end of every social institution. It is a right which must be exercised not only for one's own personal benefit but also for the benefit of others. Otherwise private ownership could be reduced beyond measure, or, even worse, completely destroyed. We would observe, finally, that the efforts of individuals, or of groups of private citizens, are definitely more effective in promoting spiritual values than is the activity of public authority. 63. 88. Men in labor unions are showing a more responsible awareness of the major social and economic problems. We wish further to praise those dear sons of Ours who in a true Christian spirit collaborate with other professional groups and workers' associations which respect the natural law and the freedom of conscience of their members. 8. 55. Where this is secured in a permanent way, a people will be, in a true sense, economically rich, because the general well-being, and consequently the personal right of all to the use of worldly goods, is thus actuated in conformity with the purpose willed by the Creator." 13. It is energetic, generous and considerate. We are convinced that the farming community must take an active part in its own economic advancement, social progress and cultural betterment. If this can be achieved, then a precious contribution will have been made to the formation of a world community, in which each individual nation, conscious of its rights and duties, can work on terms of equality with the rest for the attainment of universal prosperity. (30). 78. 128. It is therefore a great source of joy to Us to see those nations which enjoy a high degree of economic wealth helping the nations not so well provided, so that they may more effectively raise their standard of living. It is the vocation of the Church to protect and defend with full clarity. Genesis relates how God gave two commandments to our first parents: to transmit human lifeâ"Increase and mutliply" (44)âand to bring nature into their serviceâ"Fill the earth, and subdue it." 260. We would give Our special approval to the increasing assistance they are giving, in all sorts of ways, to African and Asian students scattered throughout the universities of Europe and America; and to the care that is being devoted to the training of those persons who are prepared to go to the less wealthy areas in order to engage in work of technical and professional nature. Christianity is the meeting-point of earth and heaven. 34. And yet this very need for religion reveals a man for what he is: a being created by God and tending always toward God. In all this she is but giving effect to those principles which Christ Himself established in the Church He founded. AAS 48 (1956) 799-800. Their attitude must be one of loyal trust and filial obedience to ecclesiastical authority. On the contrary, everything must be done to minimize the ill effects of overproduction, and to spread the burden equitably over the entire population. As is well known, the outlook that prevailed on economic matters was for the most part a purely naturalistic one, which denied any correlation between economics and morality. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. (39). 57. In the field of science, technology and economics we have the discovery of nuclear energy, and its application first to the purposes of war and later, increasingly, to peaceful ends; the practically limitless possibilities of chemistry in the production of synthetic materials; the growth of automation in industry and public services; the modernization of agriculture; the easing of communications, especially by radio and television; Faster transportation and the initial conquest of interplanetary space. Even on the natural level temperance and simplicity of life are the dictates of sound policy. 193. Mother and Teacher of all nationsâsuch is the Catholic Church in the mind of her Founder, Jesus Christ; to hold the world in an embrace of love, that men, in every age, should find in her their own completeness in a higher order of living, and their ultimate salvation. Hence every economic system must permit and facilitate the free development of productive activity. Mater Et Magistra explores the role the Church in efforts to acheive social progress and justice in the world. (64). It is therefore very appropriate, or even necessary, that these public authorities and institutions bring the workers into their discussions, and those who represent the rights, demands and aspirations of the workingmen; and not confine their deliberations to those who merely represent the interests of management. On this score alone the right of the Church to full liberty in the exercise of her mission must be recognized. It describes a necessity to work towards authentic community in order to promote human dignity. Probably the most difficult problem today concerns the relationship between political communities that are economically advanced and those in the process of development. (24) "This is a fundamental principle of social philosophy, unshaken and unchangeable. The root cause of so much mistrust is the presence of ideological differences between nations, and more especially between their rulers. Hence, as Leo XIII so wisely taught in Rerum Novarum: "whoever has received from the divine bounty a large share of temporal blessings, whether they be external and corporeal, or gifts of the mind, has received them for the purpose of using them for the perfecting of his own nature, and, at the same time, that he may employ them, as the steward of God's Providence, for the benefit of others. What then? [9], Mater et magistra frequently explains the common good as a desirable balance between different elements of the society or the economy. To turn to the political field, We observe many changes. 7. 12. (33) Broadcast message, 24 Dec. 1942; cf. But others too, men of good will from every nation in the world, were impelled, under pressure of human necessity, to pursue the same course. 150. A ~ előbb összegzi XIII.Leó (ur. It is a work which demands a capacity for orientation and adaptation, patient waiting, a sense of responsibility, and a spirit of perseverance and enterprise. Unbridled ambition for domination has succeeded the desire for gain; the whole economic regime has become hard, cruel and relentless in frightful measure.'' They concern first of all the question of work, which must be regarded not merely as a commodity, but as a specifically human activity. He reiterated the principles of the Leonine encyclical and stressed those directives which were applicable to modern conditions. As he said at the beginning of his exposition of the principles and precepts of the Church in social matters: "We approach the subject with confidence, and in the exercise of the rights which manifestly appertain to Vs, for no practical solution of this question will be found apart from the counsel of religion and of the Church." We are sick at heart, therefore, when We observe the contradiction which has beguiled so much modern thinking. 141. By their combined efforts thousands of young people are being given facilities for attending the universities of the more advanced countries, and acquiring an up-to-date scientific, technical and professional training. Every precaution was to be taken to prevent the civil authority from intervening in any way in economic matters. It is therefore obvious that the solidarity of the human race and Christian brotherhood demand the elimination as far as possible of these discrepancies. 125. We know that as an economy develops, the number of people engaged in agriculture decreases, while the percentage employed in industry and the various services rises. Your courageous co-operation in this respect will surely help to bring about the realization of Christ's Kingdom in this world, "a kingdom of truth and life; a kingdom of holiness and grace; a kingdom of justice, of love and of peace," (63) which assures the enjoyment of those heavenly blessings for which we were created and for which we long most ardently. On the supernatural level, the Gospels and the whole ascetic tradition of the Church require a sense of mortification and penance which assures the rule of the spirit over the flesh, and offers an efficacious means of expiating the punishment due to sin, from which no one, except Jesus Christ and His Immaculate Mother, is exempt. They are not supreme values in themselves. This attitude is contagious, especially when it infects the work that is being done for the less developed countries, which have often preserved in their ancient traditions an acute and vital awareness of the more important human values, on which the moral order rests. 200. This it is which guarantees the personal development of the members of society, which is the true goal of a nation's economy. Who knows, but a ray of its light may one day enter their minds. It is inherent in the very right of private ownership. In using their various organizations, agricultural workersâas indeed all other classes of workersâmust always be guided by moral principles and respect for the civil law. And where the same law of justice is not adhered to by all, men cannot hope to come to open and full agreement on vital issues. "Amen, I say to you, as long as you did it to one of these my least brethren, you did it to me." But it is not enough to assert that the right to own private property and the means of production is inherent in human nature. (5) Acta Leonis XIII, XI, 1891, pp. 181. 253. This policy is in fact being pursued with considerable success by several of the socially and economically advanced nations. 189. 262. People must also be shown ways in which they can properly fulfill these obligations. Members are no longer recruited in order to agitate, but rather to co-operate, principally by the method of collective bargaining. (43) Encyclical letter Summi Pontificatus: AAS 31 (1939) 428-29. We are witnessing the break-away from colonialism and the attainment of political independence by the peoples of Asia and Africa. In that broadcast message the great Pontiff claimed for the Church "the indisputable competence" to "decide whether the bases of a given social system are in accord with the unchangeable order which God our Creator and Redeemer has shown us through the Natural Law and Revelation." Then, too, the Catholics of the wealthier States are doing all they can to increase the effectiveness of the social and economic work that is being done for the poorer nations. (31) Allocutio, 8 Oct. 1956; cf. To this end, a sane view of the common good must be present and operative in men invested with public authority. 222. Necessity, therefore, and justice demand that all such technical and financial aid be given without thought of domination, but rather for the purpose of helping the less developed nations to achieve their own economic and social growth. 143. 172. In business the main operative principle was that of free and unrestricted competition. Our predecessors have insisted time and again on the social function inherent in the right of private ownership, for it cannot be denied that in the plan of the Creator all of this world's goods are primarily intended for the worthy support of the entire human race. In agriculture the existence of two forms of insurance may be necessary: one concerned with agricultural produce, the other with the farm workers and their families. Since, therefore, it proposes a form of social organization which aims solely at production, it places too severe a restraint on human liberty, at the same time flouting the true notion of social authority. transforming man into a giant of the physical world at the expense of his spirit, which is reduced to that of a pygmy in the supernatural and eternal world." And so the belief is engendered that if a nation is to assert its rights and pursue its own interests, there is only one way open to it: to have recourse to violence; ignoring the fact that violence is the source of the very greatest evils. (53) Let no man therefore imagine that a life of activity in the world is incompatible with spiritual perfection. 120. We are bound above all to consider as an ideal the kind of farm which is owned and managed by the family. Mater et magistra is the encyclical written by Pope John XXIII on the topic of "Christianity and Social Progress". Resalta el destino universal de los bienes y la opción del orden social fundado en la justicia y en la caridad. Its remuneration, therefore, cannot be made to depend on the state of the market. Among these is a man's right and duty to be primarily responsible for his own upkeep and that of his family. Work, which is the immediate expression of a human personality, must always be rated higher than the possession of external goods which of their very nature are merely instrumental. Furthermore, the progressive perfection of modern methods of thought-diffusionâthe press, cinema, radio, televisionâmakes it possible for everyone to participate in human events the world over. . He continued: "And intimately connected with this is a proper proportion between the prices charged for the products of the various economic groups, agricultural, industrial, and so forth." 183. It is not possible to determine a priori what the structure of farm life should be, since rural conditions vary so much from place to place and from country to country throughout the world. In this case the rural population would have another means of income at their disposal, a means which they could exploit in the social milieu to which they are accustomed. The title means mother and teacher, referring to the role of the church. The development of these social relationships, therefore, can and ought to be realized in a way best calculated to promote its inherent advantages and to preclude, or at least diminish, its attendant disadvantages. Very difficult. 118. Indeed, they cannot as a rule make the trading profit necessary to furnish capital for the conduct and development of their own business. per-ni-ci-o-us Is this no longer operative today, or has it lost some of its validity in view of the economic conditions We have described above? 40. AAS 35 (1943) 17. This page was last edited on 15 March 2020, at 22:28. 52. It is therefore necessary, for reasons of the common good, for public authorities to evolve a special credit policy and to form credit banks which will guarantee such capital to farmers at a moderate rate of interest. 144. Mater et Magistra calls for a greater awareness of the need for all peoples to live as one community with a common good. Pronunciation of mater et magistra with 1 audio pronunciations. developing better roads, communication, drinking water, housing, and schools in rural areas, ensuring that farms modernize at the same rate as industry, keeping track of people who move away from farms due to modernization, and insuring that they receive help in adjusting to new types of work, considering the particular needs of farmers in credit policy and the tax system, ensuring that farmers get the same social insurance/social security as others, devising a means of price protection, which could be enforced by the public authority, establishing industries, especially those having to do with "preservation, processing, and transportation of farm products", in agricultural regions. 72. This era in which we live is in the grip of deadly errors; it is torn by deep disorders. 214. It is a work, therefore, which should be thought of as a vocation, a God-given mission, an answer to God's call to actuate His providential, saving plan in history. Drawn together by their common needs nations are becoming daily more interdependent. But granting this, We must nevertheless state most emphatically that no statement of the problem and no solution to it is acceptable which does violence to man's essential dignity; those who propose such solutions base them on an utterly materialistic conception of man himself and his life. Proper Balance Necessary 65 To this end, a sane view of the common good must be present and operative in men invested with public authority. It must not be the special interests of individuals or groups, nor unregulated competition, economic despotism, national prestige or imperialism, nor any other aim of this sort. It is not, of course, possible to lay down hard and fast rules regarding the manner of such participation, for this must depend upon prevailing conditions, which vary from firm to firm and are frequently subject to rapid and substantial alteration. The Church aims at unity, a unity determined and kept alive by that supernatural love which should be actuating everybody; she does not aim at a uniformity which would only be external in its effects and would cramp the natural tendencies of the nations concerned. 80. It in no way corresponds to the contribution they make to the good of the community, to the profits of the company for which they work, and to the general national economy. The above principles are valid always and everywhere. 15. 167. On this basic principle, which guarantees the sacred dignity of the individual, the Church constructs her social teaching. 6. But it must not treat those employees who spend their days in service with the firm as though they were mere cogs in the machinery, denying them any opportunity of expressing their wishes or bringing their experience to bear on the work in hand, and keeping them entirely passive in regard to decisions that regulate their activity. 127. In such cases We believe that the workers should be allocated shares in the firms for which they work, especially when they are paid no more than a minimum wage. This development in the social life of man is at once a symptom and a cause of the growing intervention of the State, even in matters which are of intimate concern to the individual, hence of great importance and not devoid of risk. 58. [25] This work should be done with respect for the local cultures and in a disinterested way, without the aim of imposing one’s own culture or gaining political control.[26]. There is also a further temptation which the economically developed nations must resist: that of giving technical and financial aid with a view to gaining control over the political situation in the poorer countries, and furthering their ownplans for world domination. Pius XI saw the re-establishment of the economic world within the framework of the moral order and the subordination of individual and group interests to the interest of the common good as the principal remedies for these evils. 161. 107. 61. There was also the constant spectre of unemployment and the progressive disruption of family life. (45) These two commandments are complementary . It holds fast to the twofold aspect of Christ's command to give, and summarizes the whole of the Church's social teaching and activity. 156. There is the lure of novelty and adventure which has taken such a hold on the present generation, the attractive prospect of easy money, of greater freedom and the enjoyment of all the amenities of town and city life. 148. There were those who presumed to accuse the Church of taking no interest in social matters other than to preach resignation to the poor and generosity to the rich, but Leo XIII had no hesitation in proclaiming and defending the legitimate rights of the workers. And will not men who see clearly and compare the superior dignity of the persecuted with that refined barbarity of their oppressors, soon return to their senses, if indeed they have not already done so? We are aware how deeply the public conscience has been affected in recent years by the urgent need of supporting the economic development and social progress of those countries which are still struggling against poverty and economic disabilities. (33) This demand arises from the moral dignity of work. (5). With this object in view, people all over the world must co-operate actively with one another in all sorts of ways, so as to facilitate the movement of goods, capital and men from one country to another. (35). 15.: XXIII.János pápa szociális enciklikája. Mater et Magistra was pomulgated on May 5, 1961. . MATER ET MAGISTRA. Those who violate His laws not only offend the divine majesty and degrade themselves and humanity, they also sap the vitality of the political community of which they are members. This fact must be recognized, as also the fact that they are raised in the plan of Providence to an order of reality which is above nature. In this way, agriculture will absorb a larger amount of industrial goods and require a better system of services. 17. 229. 174. No Christian education can be considered complete unless it covers every kind of obligation. The result is a vast expenditure of human energy and natural resources on projects which are disruptive of human society rather than beneficial to it; while a growing uneasiness gnaws at men's hearts and makes them less responsive to the call of nobler enterprises. It is a difficult task indeed, yet a most noble one. Mindful of Our position as the father of all peoples, We feel constrained to repeat here what We said on another occasion: "We are all equally responsible for the undernourished peoples. 218. We therefore consider it Our duty to reaffirm that the remuneration of work is not something that can be left to the laws of the marketplace; nor should it be a decision left to the will of the more powerful. 133. The title means "mother and teacher", referring to the role of the church. Isi dari Ensiklik Mater Et Magistra Untuk Mulia-Nya Saudara-saudara para Leluhur, Primata, Uskup Agung, Uskup, dan semua Ordinaries lokal lainnya yang berada di Perdamaian dan Komuni dengan Tahta Apostolik, dan Pendeta dan Setia Katolik seluruh Dunia. It "secures for the father of a family the healthy liberty he needs in order to fulfil the duties assigned him by the Creator regarding the physical, spiritual and religious welfare of the family." LATIN TEXT: Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 53 (1961), 401-64. 89. These demands of the common good, both on a national and a world level, must also be borne in mind when assessing the rate of return due as compensation to the company's management, and as interest or dividends to investors. Finallyâto take a world viewâone observes a marked disparity in the economic wealth possessed by different countries. To search for spiritual perfection and eternal salvation in the conduct of human affairs and institutions is not to rob these of the power to achieve their immediate, specific ends, but to enhance this power. First of all it is necessary to emphasize that if these two kinds of undertaking are to thrive and prosper they must be prepared constantly to adjust their productive equipment and their productive methods to meet new situations created by the advance of science and technology and the changing demands and preferences of the consumer. (25). It is, as we saw, the creation of men who are free and autunomous by natureâthough they must, of course, recognize and, in a sense, obey the laws of economic development and social progress, and cannot altogether escape from the pressure of environment. Thus is man's work exalted and ennobledâso highly exalted that it leads to his own personal perfection of soul, and helps to extend to others the fruits of Redemption, all over the world. (62). It is practice which makes perfect, even in such matters as the right use of liberty. 6.4K likes. 232. Each fears that the other harbors plans of conquest and is only waiting for a favorable moment to put these plans into effect. It describes a necessity to work towards authentic community in order to promote human dignity. These are the three stages that are usually expressed in the three terms: look, judge, act. Such services as these are necessary nowadays if a becoming standard of living is to be maintained. It is a magnificent work that they are doing, and We are most happy to take this occasion of giving it the praise that it deserves. Small wonder, then, that the Catholic Church, in imitation of Christ and in fulfilment of His commandment, relies not merely upon her teaching to hold aloft the torch of charity, but also upon her own widespread example. 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